Thursday, May 13, 2010

বাংলাদেশের ঘর

বাংলাদেশেও ঘরের রকমফের রয়েছে। ঘর তৈরির উপাদান, আর্থিক অবস্থা ও প্রাকৃতিক দুর্যোগ মোকাবিলাই এই ভিন্নতার কারণ। যেমন_পার্বত্যাঞ্চলে বেশি চোখে পড়ে মাটি ও বাঁশের ঘর, আর যেখানে বেশি বাঁশ পাওয়া যায় না সেখানে বেশি দেখা যায় কাঠ ও টিনের ঘর। এ ছাড়া বেদেতাঁবু, ডেরাঘর তো আছেই। লেখা: অর্পণ দেব, তানজীর মেহেদীমাচান ঘর
পার্বত্য জেলা রাঙামাটি, বান্দরবান ও খাগড়াছড়ির কয়েকটি আদিবাসী গোষ্ঠীর লোকজন মাচান ঘরে বাস করে। কাঠ আর বাঁশ মাটিতে পুঁতে একটি মজবুত মাচান তৈরি করা হয়। মাটি থেকে এর উচ্চতা নূ্যনতম ১ দশমিক ৫ থেকে ২ মিটার। মাচানের চার কোনায় চারটি খুঁটি বসালেই হয় ভিত। তারপর বাঁশের বেড়া দিয়ে এর ওপর তৈরি করা হয় মূল ঘর। এসব বাড়ির ক্ষেত্রে ছাউনি হিসেবে ছনের ব্যবহারই বেশি দেখা যায়। দরজার সঙ্গে লাগোয়া একটি সিঁড়ি থাকে। এই সিঁড়ি দিয়েই ওঠানামা করে ঘরের লোকজন। আবার পার্বত্যাঞ্চলে আদিবাসী জুমচাষিরা ফসল পাহারা দেওয়ার জন্যও মাচান তৈরি করে।
বাংলো বাড়ি
বাংলো বাড়িগুলো খুব বড় হয়। একটি ছোট বাড়িও কয়েক কামরার হয়ে থাকে। এগুলো কাঠ, ইট, সিমেন্ট ও টিন দিয়ে তৈরি। দোতলা থেকে তিন তলা পর্যন্ত হয়ে থাকে এসব বাড়ি। একটি বাড়িতে বাস করতে পারে দুই থেকে তিনটি পরিবার।

বাঁশের ঘর
বাঁশের তৈরি ঘর দেখা যায় দেশের পশ্চিমাঞ্চলে। এ ঘরের প্রধান বৈশিষ্ট্য হচ্ছে, ঘরের খুঁটি থেকে শুরু করে পুরো ঘরের বেড়া বাঁশের তৈরি। বাঁশ কেটে পাতলা করে তৈরি করা হয় বেড়া। কিছু ক্ষেত্রে কাঠের পাতলা টুকরো, পাটকাঠি, নলখাগড়া ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়। ছন, খড়, টিন ইত্যাদি দিয়ে তৈরি হয় চাল বা ছাউনি। বাঁশের ঘর দুই থেকে তিন কামরার হয়ে থাকে। তবে উৎসাহী অনেকে আবার খুব বড় ঘর তৈরি করে থাকেন।

কাঠের ঘর
উপকূলীয় এলাকায় বেশি দেখা যায় কাঠের ঘর। বেশির ভাগ ক্ষেত্রে এর উপকরণ গর্জন জাতীয় গাছ। পালা হয় কাঠ কিংবা সিমেন্টের। কিছু জায়গায় ঘরের পাটাতন করা হয় কাঠ বা বাঁশ দিয়ে। দেয়াল বানাতে ব্যবহার করা হয় সবচেয়ে ভালো মানের কাঠ। বৃষ্টির পানি থেকে রক্ষা করতে দেয়ালে দেওয়া হয় তেল বা বিটুমিনাসের প্রলেপ। কাঠের তৈরি ঘর দ্বিস্তরবিশিষ্ট। ওপরের তলা গুদাম হিসেবে ব্যবহার হয়। ছোট ঘরে একটি ছোট পরিবার বাস করতে পারে। বড় ঘরগুলো হয় কয়েক কামরার। কিছু ঘরের সামনে বারান্দাও থাকে।

মাটির ঘর
চট্টগ্রাম ও কুমিল্লার পার্বত্যাঞ্চলে, পশ্চিমাঞ্চলের রাজশাহী ও আশপাশের জেলায় মাটির ঘর দেখা যায়। এগুলো খুব একটা টেকসই হয় না। সামান্য ঝড় ও বন্যার কারণে ধসে যেতে পারে এর দেয়াল। মাটির পুরো আস্তরণে তৈরি হয় এসব ঘরের দেয়াল। ছাউনি তৈরির ক্ষেত্রে সাধারণত খড়, তালপাতা, ছন, ভুট্টা আখপাতা ইত্যাদি ব্যবহার করা হয়। কিছু কিছু মাটির ঘরে টিনের চাল দেওয়া হয়।

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